Part 1: Introduction
Our studio has embraced the principles of the Agile Workplace for quite some time. We’ve worked with it on projects from concept to completion, seeing the ideas implemented in real space. We’ve had conversations with clients about it, let it influence our designs, and even used it as a guide in designing our own office. So, rather than focusing on the definition, we want to start by unpacking the "why" behind the Agile Workplace.
In our second blog post, we'll take a look at existing precedents that embody this idea, and how they do so. Plenty of sites include these concepts, from natural settings to the built environment, from old to new architecture.
In part three, we'll get to the good stuff: How do we apply these principles to the work we're doing? We'll look at the challenges, benefits, and strategies incorporating these ideas into the workplaces we design.
1.A: The Human Reason
Let's start with a thought experiment. It’s 12,000 years ago. You, a Neolithic human, go to “work." Perhaps your career involves making stone tools, hauling huge rocks (looking at you, Stonehenge), or maybe sowing a field on the cusp of humanity's mastery of agriculture. What boundaries existed between the world at large and your workplace? No walls, artificial lighting, cubicles, or office space — the only boundaries and systems defining the workday were the beginning and end of the day, the clockwork of the seasons, and the interaction with other skilled members of the community.
Since then, the places we work in and the world we evolved in grew increasingly dissimilar. Humanity’s determination to increase yields has driven the workplace toward an ever more controlled and organized definition, but walls, doors, and a highly controlled environment are a relatively recent revolution in the environment that defines our daily work life.
The standard workplace of the most recent generations was not designed to respond to basic human needs. The radical rejection of cubicles, walls, and doors — the open workplace — seemed to be the answer to this mind-numbing monotony, but it too came with some problems. If the only defining principle of the workplace is “openness,” then it only responds to one type of need.
Enter the Agile Workplace.
The Agile Workplace reintroduces the similarities between our natural habitat and the workspace. The single most important aspect of this shift is the addition of choice. This means including less orderly spaces, embracing overlapping territories, and incorporating variety. The Agile Workplace acknowledges that some degree of ownership is necessary; however, it presents ownership in different ways than the traditional walls-and-doors office. While ownership in one form or another still exists in certain areas, in general, there are more shared spaces and a greater variety of common spaces to choose from. This isn’t just the removal of walls and doors — this is the addition of a multitude of spaces to address a wide spectrum of needs, improving the workplace’s ability to foster productivity and “humanizing” the place where we work.
This is an instinctual transformation, one that engages with what makes us human. And there’s evidence that backs up why agility is important not only for the person’s well-being, but also for a company’s bottom line.
1.B: The Evidence
Steelcase is an important contributor to the body of evidence in support of the Agile Workplace, as well as the development of the systems that make it work. In one of many experiments in interior environment within their own facility, Steelcase transformed one of its departments by implementing urban planning strategies: parks, neighborhoods, districts. They found that the transition led to benefits in the well-being and performance of their employees. Employees demonstrated increased productivity and trust, and they reported having better access to leaders, teams, and supplies as well as a greater sense of purpose.
On the surface, space types used in this experiment were inspired by those we encounter often in an urban setting. But on a more fundamental level, the design honed in on space types that are fundamental to human nature. These natural space types, outlined by Terrapin in their research on patterns of biophilia, are prospect, refuge, mystery, and risk. “Prospect” is defined by the provision of an “unimpeded view” over a long distance — the act of surveying. Let’s go back to our Neolithic thought experiment: Imagine yourself on top of a cliff, taking in all the land before you. It’s nice, right? Analyzing everything your eyes can see brings a sense of comfort and confidence. In contrast, “refuge” refers to a space that is protective and withdrawn, where a person is sheltered from above and behind. (Why do you think we dwelled in caves?) “Mystery” is less direct. It’s the provision of only partial information, an obscuring that invites an occupant to experience something further. Finally, “risk/peril” ties into the exhilaration of a potential threat.
Bringing these spaces to a team makes them not only feel better, but perform better. A holistic design reduces stress and anxiety, enhances acuity, focus, and mood, and positively affects cognitive performance and functionality in the workplace. There are endless ways to think about how these space types can begin to inform a design: areas with visibility across an entire team; places to retreat for unimpeded productivity; design elements that invite the occupant to travel farther; spaces that feel like they are on the edge of another zone. The inclusion of all space types in their many manifestations creates a workplace that is diverse, dynamic, and natural. These terms allow us to frame our design of teaming areas, breakout spaces, studios, break areas, and other hubs in an instinctual, human way.
While these elements are important for enhanced workplace performance and mood, we need more than just typological variety to round out a balanced Agile Workplace. Psychologists have suggested that, along with ownership over distinct territories and the ability to change their setting, humans need to have control over the quality of their environment, such as varying temperature, air and light; they need the presence of meaningful stimuli; and they need a view to the outside world.
1.C: The Bottom Line
Although it makes sense to bring people out of their offices and into a variety of shared, private, open, and sheltered spaces with daylight, natural views, and some degree of environmental control, there are also costs to consider. While there is certainly an up-front cost in making any kind of change to the workplace, the payoff in this case quickly surmounts the cost of making the change. This payoff is in the increased productivity, improved worker satisfaction, and reduced absenteeism that have been seen upon implementation of these strategies. A 2011 study looked at an office building in which a third of its offices faced a parking lot and street, a third overlooked an area with trees and landscape, and a third offered interior views only. The employees with a natural view took 10 fewer hours of sick leave per year. The variation in sick leave taken was also found to correlate with architectural aspects of environmental quality, including the amount of window area and lighting quality. The analysis found that those with outside views took shorter breaks than those with interior views, who tended to wander throughout the building to find a more pleasing place to break.
There is economic sense in ensuring workers are not only present, but productive, too. One study showed that when presented with a view outside, versus a view of a curtained wall, participants experiencing low-level stress demonstrated enhanced physiological recovery from this stress. In a study of a call center, employees with views to exterior vegetation from their workstations made 6% – 7% more calls than those without exterior views. The cost of adding windows and adjusting workstations to ensure all staff had views outside amounted to $1,000 per employee, while the savings in productivity more than doubled that number; the initial investment was returned in only 4 months. It’s clear that the incorporation of natural elements has tangible benefits on employee performance.
Our own office experienced a revolutionary change last year, when we moved from a dark interior office with limited views, a lack of natural light, and poor ventilation to a dynamic, atmospheric space of our own. More than just bright and airy, the space is a laboratory for our development of the Agile Workplace as it appears in our designs for clients. The open work area is balanced with small rooms for quieter work or focused meetings. A large meeting space flows from a break area, providing room for working away from our desks, holding standing meetings, or simply taking a moment of respite.
The effects of this new environment on our team were noticeable immediately. Enhanced mood, focus, and collaboration were there from day one. It hasn’t quite been a year since the move to our own Agile Workplace, but it seems there are fewer sick days and sniffles, and more time working together in an environment that feels meaningful and energizing. The experience has confirmed our notion that in order to work with agility, we need our workplace to be agile, as well.
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